| PubMed | 24926156 | The use of propensity scores to assess the generalizability of results from randomized trials | Not specified | A Posteriori | Score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| PubMed | 11870014 | Are subjects in pharmacological treatment trials of depression representative of patients in routine clinical practice? | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | What is the percentage of patients who would be excluded by each exclusion criterion? |
| Cochrane | 12153370 | Representation of the elderly, women, and minorities in heart failure clinical trials | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | How many elderly, women, and minorities are excluded by trials? |
| PubMed | 14628985 | How many subjects with major depressive disorder meet eligibility requirements of an antidepressant efficacy trial? | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | List the major reasons for exclusion |
| PubMed | 14770052 | Exclusion criteria used in antidepressant efficacy trials: consistency across studies and representativeness of samples included. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | List the commonly used psychiatric exclusion criteria |
| PubMed | 15705630 | Are clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis generalizable to routine practice? A re-evaluation of trial entry criteria. | Musculoskeletal disease | A Priori | Non-score | Review the eligibility criteria of trilas on rheumatoid arthritis |
| PubMed | 15876909 | Effect of study criteria on recruitment and generalizability of the results. | Not specified | A Priori | Non-score | What is the number of patients who would meet usua eligibility criteria of antipsychotic trials? |
| PubMed | 16227797 | Eligibility criteria for HIV clinical trials and generalizability of results: the gap between published reports and study protocols. | HIV/AIDS | A Priori | Non-score | How many women, and minorities are excluded by each criterion in 32 NIH-funded HIV trials? |
| CINAHL | 16339480 | Potential consequences for recruitment, power, and external validity of requirements for additional risk factors for eligibility in randomized controlled trials in secondary prevention of stroke. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Priori | Non-score | Evaluate the eligibility criteria in stroke prevention trials. |
| PsycINFO | 16569712 | Randomized Controlled Trials: Do They Have External Validity for Patients With Multiple Comorbidities? | Not specified | A Priori | Non-score | Assess the multiple chronic conditions of patients who are eligible for 5 RCTs |
| PsycINFO | 17502778 | Relevance of exclusion criteria in antidepressant clinical trials: A replication study. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | How many patients would be excluded by antidepressant RCT |
| PubMed | 18438906 | Assessment of unmet needs and the lack of generalizability in the design of randomized controlled trials for scleroderma treatment. | Skin diseases | A Priori | Non-score | Determine the proportion of patients with SSc who would theoretically be eligible for SSC trials |
| PubMed | 18501096 | Restrictive eligibility limits access to newer therapies in non-small-cell lung cancer: the implications of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 4599 | Cancer | A Priori | Non-score | Determine the proportion of patients with newly evaluated advanced NSCLC seen at Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC) who would have been eligible for ECOG 4599 |
| PubMed | 18557666 | Generalizability of clinical trial results for major depression to community samples: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | Applied standard set of exclusion criteria in trials on MDE to 2001-2002 NESARC data and assessed the percentage of patients who would be excluded. |
| PubMed | 18577549 | Learning from past mistakes: assessing trial quality, power and eligibility in non-renal systemic lupus erythematosus randomized controlled trials. | Musculoskeletal disease | A Priori | Non-score | The inclusion/exclusion criteria were compared with an SLE database to determine the proportion of patients from the database who would theoretically be eligible for these trials. |
| PsycINFO | 18579319 | Generalizability of clinical trials for alcohol dependence to community samples. | Drug or alcohol abuse | A Priori | Non-score | Assessed the proportion of community dwelling adults with cannabis dependence who would have been eligible for a typical cannabis dependence treatment study. |
| PubMed | 19057955 | Analysis of patient selection and external validity in the Swedish contribution to the COLOR trial. | Surgery | A Posteriori | Non-score | Assessed how many patients were excluded post randomization |
| PubMed | 19342462 | Selection criteria and generalizability within the counterfactual framework: explaining the paradox of antidepressant-induced suicidality? | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | A counterfactual model is developed to represent the selection process explicitly. This simple extension of the standard counterfactual model is used to explore the implications of restrictive exclusion criteria intended to eliminate high-risk individuals. |
| PubMed | 20547574 | Generalizing evidence from randomized clinical trials to target populations: The ACTG 320 trial. | HIV/AIDS | misc / PATE | Non-score | The proposed method standardizes observed trial results to a specified target population and thereby provides information regarding the generalizability of trial results. |
| PsycINFO | 21078225 | The generalizability of antidepressant efficacy trials to routine psychiatric out-patient practice. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | Eligibility was assessed by stepwise application of commonly used exclusion criteria. Influence of eligibility on treatment outcome was investigated in a subsample of the 1653 patients who had at least one follow-up assessment (n = 626). Eligible and non-eligible patients were compared on proportion of response (50% reduction) and remission on MADRS |
| Cochrane | 22459203 | Generalisability of the results of the Dutch-Belgian randomised controlled lung cancer CT screening trial (NELSON): does self-selection play a role? | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Background characteristics were compared between male respondents on the first questionnaire (n = 92,802), eligible subjects among them (n = 18,570) and those randomised (n = 10,627) and Statistics Netherlands 2002-2005 (SN) (n = 5289) or GLOBE study-data (Dutch cohort) (n = 696). |
| PubMed | 22495990 | Generalizability of clinical trial results for generalized anxiety disorder to community samples. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | We applied a standard set of eligibility criteria representative of GAD pharmacological and psychotherapy clinical trials to all adults with past 12 months GAD (n = 894), and to a subgroup of participants seeking treatment (n = 329). Our aim was to assess how many participants with GAD would fulfil typical eligibility criteria |
| PubMed | 23060323 | Eligibility criteria in randomized phase II and III adjuvant and neoadjuvant breast cancer trials: not a significant barrier to enrollment. | Cancer | A Priori | Non-score | Proportions of cases with 'not met' eligibility criteria were assessed for each category in each trial. |
| PubMed | 23075287 | External validity of randomized controlled trials of glycaemic control and vascular disease: how representative are participants? | Endocrine disease | A Priori | Non-score | Inclusion and exclusion criteria from each trial were applied to data on the population of people with a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes living in Scotland in 2008 (n = 180,590) in a population-based cross-sectional study and the number and proportion of people eligible for each trial was determined. |
| PsycINFO | 23137143 | The generalizability of psychotherapy efficacy trials in major depressive disorder: An analysis of the influence of patient selection in efficacy trials on symptom outcome in daily practice. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | Investigated the influence of exclusion criteria on symptom outcome by multivariate regression models in a sample of patients suffering from MDD according to the MINIplus from a routine clinical practice setting |
| PubMed | 23242482 | Representativeness of the dabigatran, apixaban and rivaroxaban clinical trial populations to real-world atrial fibrillation patients in the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional analysis using the General Practice Research Database. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Priori | Non-score | Assessed the atrial fibrillation patients who would be eligible for anticoagulant treatment trials |
| PubMed | 23553373 | The use of propensity scores and observational data to estimate randomized controlled trial generalizability bias. | Not specified | A Priori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| PubMed | 23561233 | Generalizability of clinical trial results for bipolar disorder to community samples: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | Determine the proportion of participants with bipolar depression or acute mania who would have been excluded from a clinical trial by typical eligibility criteria |
| PubMed | 23617533 | Not-in-trial simulation I: Bridging cardiovascular risk from clinical trials to real-life conditions. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Priori | Non-score | Determine the number of patients that would be excluded from trials. |
| PubMed | 24475060 | The real world mental health needs of heart failure patients are not reflected by the depression randomized controlled trial evidence. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Priori | Non-score | Patients were evaluated against the most common RCT exclusion criteria personality disorder, high suicide risk, cognitive impairment, psychosis, alcohol or substance abuse or dependency, bi-polar depression |
| PubMed | 24621557 | Why do GPs exclude patients from participating in research? An exploration of adherence to and divergence from trial criteria. | Not specified | A Priori | Non-score | Determine the proportion of patients excluded on account of trial eligibility compared with other reasons, and to explore the impact of such exclusions on the management and generalizability of RCTs |
| PubMed | 25154011 | Are participants in pharmacological and psychotherapy treatment trials for social anxiety disorder representative of patients in real-life settings? | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | Applied a standard set of exclusion criteria representative of pharmacological and psychotherapy clinical trials to all adults with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnosis of SAD. They aim to assess how many participants with SAD would fulfill typical eligibility criteria. |
| PubMed | 25307417 | Assessing the generalizability of randomized trial results to target populations. | Not specified | misc / PATE | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| PubMed | 25580674 | Generalizability of pharmacological and psychotherapy clinical trial results for borderline personality disorder to community samples. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | Applied a standard set of exclusion criteria representative of pharmacological and psychotherapy clinical trials to all adults with a DSM-IV diagnosis of BPD. The aim was to assess how many participants with BPD would not fulfill typical eligibility criteria. |
| PubMed | 26747392 | Exclusion of Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients With Prior Cancer From Clinical Trials: Is This Justified? | Cancer | A Priori | Non-score | How many patients would be excluded by gastrointestinal cancer trials? |
| PubMed | 26866293 | Generalizability of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in Biologic Agent Clinical Trials. | Musculoskeletal disease | A Priori | Non-score | Patients at a single clinical encounter were assessed for overall trial eligibility as well as eligibility across 3 domains: demographics, disease activity, and medication exposure |
| PubMed | 27379465 | Generalizability of Pharmacologic and Psychotherapy Clinical Trial Results for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder to Community Samples. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | Applied a standard set of exclusion criteria representative of pharmacologic and psychotherapy clinical trials to all adults with a DSM-IV diagnosis of PTSD in the previous 12 months (n = 1,715) and then to a subsample of participants seeking treatment (n = 366). Our aim was to assess how many participants with PTSD would fulfill typical eligibility criteria. |
| PubMed | 27491758 | Generalizing Treatment Effect Estimates From Sample to Population: A Case Study in the Difficulties of Finding Sufficient Data. | Not specified | misc / PATE | Non-score | We use a case study to illustrate how to generalize treatment effect estimates from a randomized trial sample to a target population, in particular comparing the sample of children in a randomized trial of a supplemental program for Head Start centers ( |
| PubMed | 27663386 | Eligibility of real-life patients with COPD for inclusion in trials of inhaled long-acting bronchodilator therapy. | Respiratory diseases | A Priori | Non-score | Eligibility was calculated for each RCT by applying these criteria to a uniquely representative, well-characterised population of patients with COPD from the Optimum Patient Care Research Database |
| Cochrane | 27844227 | A novel use of the Spine Tango registry to evaluate selection bias in patient recruitment into clinical studies: an analysis of patients participating in the Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Outcome Study (LSOS) | Musculoskeletal disease | A Posteriori | Non-score | Patient records and imaging were evaluated in relation to the admission criteria for LSOS to identify those who would have been eligible for participation but were not enrolled |
| PubMed | 28088058 | Has the symptom severity inclusion requirement narrowed the definition of major depressive disorder in antidepressant efficacy trials? | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | Compared the distribution of DSM-IV MDD criteria scores in patients who scored at or above or below the 3 cutoff scores on the HAMD most commonly used for inclusion in an AET |
| PubMed | 28416124 | Assessment of the External Validity of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and European Society for Medical Oncology Guidelines for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer in a Population of Patients Aged 80 Years and Older. | Cancer | A Priori | Non-score | matched a cohort of NSCLC patients aged older than 80 years from the Moffitt Cancer Center database with the studies' eligibility criteria to check their qualification for at least 2 studies |
| PubMed | 28535275 | Transportability of trial results using inverse odds of sampling weights. | Not specified | misc / PATE | Non-score | an inverse odds weighting approach that can easily operationalize transportability |
| PubMed | 29097612 | Generalizability of Clinical Trial Results for Adolescent Major Depressive Disorder. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | To assess the generalizability of adolescent clinical trials for MDD, we applied a standard set of eligibility criteria representative of clinical trials to all adolescents in the National Comorbidity Survey |
| Cochrane | 29462814 | Generalizability of Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial of Fish Oil Supplementation for Attenuating Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Rescue Workers in Japan | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | |
| CINAHL | 29915956 | Generalizability of clinical trials of advanced melanoma in the real-world, population-based setting. | Cancer | A Priori | Non-score | Based on eligibility criteria as described in registration trials of vemurafenib (Vem) and ipilimumab (Ipi), we classified patients into trial-eligible and ineligible and those treated and untreated with these agents |
| CINAHL | 29936654 | Eligibility of real-world patients with chemo-refractory, K-RAS wild-type, metastatic colorectal cancer for palliative intent regorafenib monotherapy. | Cancer | A Priori | Non-score | Examined treatment attrition rates and eligibility for regorafenib in routine practice |
| PubMed | 30096830 | Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria of Clinical Trials for Insomnia. | Sleep disorder | A Priori | Non-score | The current two-part study examined (1) the currently applied eligibility criteria in Phase II and III RCTs examining sleep medication; (2) how these criteria match with the insomnia population as a whole; and (3) how inclusion rates can be changed by an adaptation of these criteria. |
| CINAHL | 30175440 | Eligibility for clinical trials is limited for youth with type 2 diabetes: Insights from the Pediatric Diabetes Consortium T2D Clinic Registry. | Endocrine disease | A Priori | Non-score | Utilized Pediatric Diabetes Consortium (PDC) T2D Registry enrollment data to estimate the percentage of patients who would be excluded from current T2D trials based on out-of-range HbA1c levels. |
| PubMed | 30218805 | Treatment of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: A Single-Center Experience of 86 Patients and a Critique of the A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA) Trial. | Neuronal diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | All cases of treated brain AVMs from 2004 to 2017 at our institution were retrospectively reviewed and included in the analysis if they met ARUBA trial inclusion criteria |
| Cochrane | 30564154 | The Representativeness of Participants With Severe Mental Illness in a Psychosocial Clinical Trial | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Utilized an anonymised case register to determine if participants in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a novel psychosocial health intervention aiming to improve physical health in SMI had similar severity of illness to eligible non-participants |
| PubMed | 4020412 | Selection bias in clinical trials. | Not specified | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 8690832 | Subject selection biases in clinical trials: data from a multicenter schizophrenia treatment study. | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 10203081 | Improved survival and reduction in local failure rates after preoperative radiotherapy: evidence for the generalizability of the results of Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. | Cancer | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 10470428 | Small-cell lung cancer: patients included in clinical trials are not representative of the patient population as a whole. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 10506672 | Generalizing from a controlled trial: the effects of patient preference versus randomization on the outcome of inpatient versus outpatient chronic pain management. | Pain | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 10891631 | Generalizability of project MATCH: a comparison of clients enrolled to those not enrolled in the study at one aftercare site. | Not specified | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 11053697 | Clinical trials of unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin in addition to aspirin for the treatment of unstable angina pectoris: do the results apply to all patients? | Cardiovascular diseases | A Priori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 10751862 | Prostate specific antigen response to mitoxantrone and prednisone in patients with refractory prostate cancer: prognostic factors and generalizability of a multicenter trial to clinical practice. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 11165726 | The generalizability of trial data; a comparison of beta-blocker trial participants with a prospective cohort of women taking beta-blockers in pregnancy. | Pregnancy | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 11434951 | Generalisability of clinical trials in otitis media with effusion. | Ear disease | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 11470387 | Generalizability of trial results based on randomized versus nonrandomized allocation of OME infants to ventilation tubes or watchful waiting. | Ear disease | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 11694202 | Generalizability of findings from a chewing tobacco cessation clinical trial. | Smoking | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 11737343 | How generalizable are the results of large randomized controlled trials of antiretroviral therapy? | HIV/AIDS | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 12694711 | External validity of a randomised clinical trial of temporomandibular disorders: analysis of the patients who refused to participate in research. | Musculoskeletal disease | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 12701762 | Representativeness of trial populations: an example from a trial of adenotonsillectomy in children. | Sleep disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 12701935 | Does clinical trial subject selection restrict the ability to generalize use and cost of health services to "real life" subjects? | Respiratory diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 15229421 | Assessing clinical generalizability in sedation studies of upper GI endoscopy. | Endocrine disease | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 15334432 | Differences between participants and nonparticipants in an exercise trial for adults with rheumatoid arthritis. | Musculoskeletal disease | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 15639683 | External validity of randomised controlled trials: "to whom do the results of this trial apply?". | Not specified | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 15695979 | Population characteristics in cervical cancer trials: search for external validity. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 15994721 | Generalizability of antidepressant efficacy trials: differences between depressed psychiatric outpatients who would or would not qualify for an efficacy trial. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 16225942 | Selection bias of elderly patients with chronic angina referred for catheterization. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 16639738 | Generalizability of cancer clinical trial results: prognostic differences between participants and nonparticipants. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PsycINFO | 17053977 | Empirical evaluation of the generalizability of the sample from the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD. | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 17210880 | External validity of clinical trials in acute myocardial infarction. | Cardiovascular diseases | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 17253599 | External validity of ST elevation myocardial infarction trials: the Zwolle studies. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 17453387 | To whom do the results of this trial apply?" External validity of a randomized controlled trial involving 130 patients scheduled for primary total hip replacement. | Musculoskeletal disease | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 17896305 | Comparison of survival among eligible patients not enrolled versus enrolled in the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS) randomized trial of pre-enucleation radiation of large choroidal melanoma. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 18381709 | Generalizing from clinical trial data: a case study. The risk of suicidality among pediatric antidepressant users. | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 18414962 | Lifetime characteristics of participants and non-participants in a smoking cessation trial: implications for external validity and public health impact. | Smoking | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 18619799 | Randomized patients in IBS research had different disease characteristics compared to eligible and recruited patients. | Digestive diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 19116800 | Characteristics of individuals with insomnia who seek treatment in a clinical setting versus those who volunteer for a randomized controlled trial. | Sleep disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 19287330 | Examination of external validity in randomized controlled trials for adjuvant treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. | Cancer | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 19339358 | Can phase III trial results of antidepressant medications be generalized to clinical practice? A STAR*D report. | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 19556533 | Patients enrolled in large randomized clinical trials of antiplatelet treatment for prevention after transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke are not representative of patients in clinical practice: the Netherlands Stroke Survey. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Priori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 19631869 | Under-representation of women and ethnic minorities in vascular surgery randomized controlled trials. | Surgery | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 20016742 | Generalizability of toxicity data from oncology clinical trials to clinical practice: toxicity of irinotecan-based regimens in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 20589596 | Trials assessing parmacotherapeutic management of aggression in psychiatric patients: comparability with clinical practice. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 20670761 | Clinical characteristics of patients undergoing surgical ventricular reconstruction by choice and by randomization. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 20798576 | Patients with borderline personality disorder not participating in an RCT: are they different? | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 20816030 | Representativeness of participants in a clinical trial for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Comparison with adults from a large observational study. | Mental disorder | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 21059426 | Comparison of baseline characteristics, management and outcome of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome in versus not in clinical trials. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 21078416 | The generalizability of participants in Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program 474, a multi-site randomized cardiac bypass surgery trial. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| Cochrane | 21200334 | Comparison of Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Saphenous Vein Graft Stenting Who Were or Were Not nrolled in the Stenting of Saphenous Vein Grafts andomized Controlled Trial | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 21325996 | Age, exclusion criteria, and generalizability of randomized trials enrolling kidney transplant recipients. | Kidney disease | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 21565848 | Evaluating the 'all-comers' design: a comparison of participants in two 'all-comers' PCI trials with non-participants. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 21775882 | Cancer trials versus the real world in the United States. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 21956723 | ALS clinical trials: do enrolled patients accurately represent the ALS population? | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PsycINFO | 22201327 | Racial/ethnic differences in adults in randomized clinical trials of binge eating disorder. | Ear disease | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 22316122 | To whom do the results of the multicenter, randomized, controlled INSECT trial (ISRCTN 24023541) apply?--assessment of external validity. | Surgery | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 22343692 | Patients enrolled in randomized controlled trials do not represent the inflammatory bowel disease patient population. | Digestive diseases | A Priori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 22371462 | Enrollment of extremely low birth weight infants in a clinical research study may not be representative. | Neonatal diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 23092978 | Sampling bias in an internet treatment trial for depression. | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 23242479 | The older the better: are elderly study participants more non-representative? A cross-sectional analysis of clinical trial and observational study samples. | Not specified | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 23517248 | Comparison of treatment outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer patients included in a clinical trial versus daily practice in The Netherlands. | Cancer | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 23633161 | Generalizability in the family-to-family education program randomized waitlist-control trial. | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| PubMed | 23674318 | Inclusion of minorities and women in cancer clinical trials, a decade later: Have we improved? | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 23845385 | Using comparative effectiveness design to improve the generalizability of bipolar treatment trials data: contrasting LiTMUS baseline data with pre-existing placebo controlled trials. | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 24594552 | Representativeness of RELAX-AHF clinical trial population in acute heart failure. | Cardiovascular diseases | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 24627277 | In and out, good and bad news, of generalizability of SWOG treatment trial results. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 24632781 | Generalizability of findings from efficacy trials for chronic depression: an analysis of eligibility criteria. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 24647464 | External validity of a trial comprised of elderly patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 24975869 | External validity of the ARISTOTLE trial in real-life atrial fibrillation patients. | Cardiovascular diseases | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 25024761 | A distribution-based method for assessing the differences between clinical trial target populations and patient populations in electronic health records. | Not specified | A Priori | Score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 25100338 | Assessing the external validity of a randomized controlled trial of anthelminthics in mothers and their children in Entebbe, Uganda. | Digestive diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 25399847 | Evaluating the generalizability of a large streamlined cardiovascular trial: comparing hospitals and patients in the dual antiplatelet therapy study versus the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| Cochrane | 25427819 | Symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in clinical trials and in a population-based study | Respiratory diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 25664626 | Baseline Characteristics and Mortality Outcomes of Control Group Participants and Eligible Non-Responders in the NELSON Lung Cancer Screening Study. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PsycINFO | 25828873 | Predicting participation in psychiatric randomized controlled trials: Insights from the STEP-BD. | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 25986472 | An Approach to Assess Generalizability in Comparative Effectiveness Research: A Case Study of the Whole Systems Demonstrator Cluster Randomized Trial Comparing Telehealth with Usual Care for Patients with Chronic Health Conditions. | Not specified | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 26174313 | Similarities and differences between patients included and excluded from a randomized clinical trial of vitamin D supplementation for improving glucose tolerance in prediabetes: interpreting broader applicability. | Endocrine disease | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 26192398 | Characteristics and Outcomes of Eligible Nonenrolled Patients in a Mechanical Ventilation Trial of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. | Respiratory diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 26283667 | Exploring threats to generalisability in a large international rehabilitation trial (AVERT). | Rehabilitation | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 26330533 | Clinical Trial Participants With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Differ From Patients Treated in Real-World Practice. | Cancer | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 26362666 | External validity of a randomised controlled trial on the treatment of severe infections caused by MRSA. | Infection | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 26562046 | Generalizability of SPRINT Results to the U.S. Adult Population. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Priori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 26743093 | How Generalizable Are the Results From Trials of Direct Antiviral Agents to People Coinfected With HIV/HCV in the Real World? | HIV/AIDS | A Priori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 26820188 | Multivariate analysis of the population representativeness of related clinical studies. | Not specified | A Priori | Score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 26825855 | Assessing sample representativeness in randomized controlled trials: application to the National Institute of Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network. | Drug or alcohol abuse | A Posteriori | Non-score | Standardized mean difference (SSMD) of propensity scores |
| PubMed | 27033859 | External validity of the "all-comers" design: insights from the BIOSCIENCE trial. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 27104965 | Differences between unselected patients and participants in multiple myeloma clinical trials in US: a threat to external validity. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 27109827 | Value of treatment in clinical trials versus the real world: the case of abiraterone acetate (Zytiga) for postchemotherapy metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients in Sweden. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 27283295 | Baseline Characteristics and Generalizability of Participants in an Internet Smoking Cessation Randomized Trial. | Smoking | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 27520290 | Older patients are still under-represented in clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease. | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 27598694 | Correlating eligibility criteria generalizability and adverse events using Big Data for patients and clinical trials. | Not specified | A Priori | Score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 27600407 | GIST 2.0: A scalable multi-trait metric for quantifying population representativeness of individual clinical studies. | Not specified | A Priori | Score | GIST 2.0 |
| PubMed | 27753599 | External validity of a contemporaneous primary percutaneous coronary intervention trial in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: insights from a single-centre investigation. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PsycINFO | 27863344 | Selection criteria limit generalizability of smoking pharmacotherapy studies differentially across clinical trials and laboratory studies: A systematic review on varenicline. | Smoking | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 27638094 | Generalizability of the Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT) Results to Contemporary North American Men with Prostate Cancer. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 27779514 | Patient Eligibility for Randomized Controlled Trials in Critical Care Medicine: An International Two-Center Observational Study. | Critical care | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 27984524 | Investigating generalizability of results from a randomized controlled trial of the management of chronic widespread pain: the MUSICIAN study. | Pain | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 28028598 | A comparison of the MOMS trial results to a contemporaneous, single-institution, postnatal closure cohort. | Neuronal diseases | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 28118923 | Computer-aided assessment of the generalizability of clinical trial results. | Not specified | A Posteriori | Score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 28125858 | Generalizability analysis for clinical trials: a simulation study. | Not specified | A Posteriori | Score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| PubMed | 28191694 | Generalizability of findings from randomized controlled trials: application to the National Institute of Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network. | Drug or alcohol abuse | A Posteriori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| PubMed | 28230450 | Characteristics and Medication Use of Psoriasis Patients Who May or May Not Qualify for Randomized Controlled Trials. | Skin diseases | A Priori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 28434933 | Assessing the Eligibility Criteria in Phase III Randomized Controlled Trials of Drug Therapy in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: The Critical Play-Off Between a "Pure" Patient Phenotype and the Generalizability of Trial Findings. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 28511033 | Comparing adult cannabis treatment-seekers enrolled in a clinical trial with national samples of cannabis users in the United States. | Not specified | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 28722466 | Assessing the Generalizability of the National Lung Screening Trial: Comparison of Patients with Stage 1 Disease. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 28763313 | Generalizability of EXCEL and NOBLE results to a large registry population with unprotected left main coronary artery disease. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| PubMed | 28972695 | Testing the external validity of EORTC 30904 comparing overall survival after radical nephrectomy vs nephron sparing surgery in contemporary North American patients with renal cell cancer. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 29025047 | The representativeness of eligible patients in type 2 diabetes trials: a case study using GIST 2.0. | Endocrine disease | A Priori | Score | GIST 2.0 |
| PubMed | 29153885 | Are the Results of the Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment Trial Applicable to Contemporary Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with Radical Prostatectomy? Results from Two High-volume European Institutions. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 29230192 | External Validity of Randomized Controlled Trials on Alzheimer's Disease: The Biases of Frailty and Biological Aging. | Mental disorder | A Priori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 29241487 | Surgical Versus Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization in Patients With Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndromes. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Priori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| CINAHL | 28963367 | TREVO stent-retriever mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke secondary to large vessel occlusion registry. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 29020193 | Generalizing Randomized Clinical Trial Results: Implementation and Challenges Related to Missing Data in the Target Population. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 29097339 | Comparable outcomes among trial and nontrial participants in a clinical trial of antibiotics for childhood pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study. | Respiratory diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| Cochrane | 29288137 | A prospective cohort and extended comprehensive-cohort design provided insights about the generalizability of a pragmatic trial: the ProtecT prostate cancer trial | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 29426695 | Only <10% of Patients Selected for Radical Prostatectomy Reach the Competing Mortality Rate of the Prostate Cancer Intervention Versus Observation Trial (PIVOT). | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PsycINFO | 29464791 | Comparing pharmacological treatments for cocaine dependence: Incorporation of methods for enhancing generalizability in meta‐analytic studies | Smoking | A Posteriori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| PubMed | 29569403 | Generalizability of the findings from a randomized controlled trial of a web-based substance use disorder intervention. | Mental disorder | A Posteriori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| CINAHL | 29569403 | Generalizability of the findings from a randomized controlled trial of a web-based substance use disorder intervention. | Drug or alcohol abuse | A Posteriori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| CINAHL | 29693361 | Generalizability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Cardiovascular Outcome Trials Enrollment Criteria to the US Type 2 Diabetes Population. | Endocrine disease | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| CINAHL | 29701877 | Nutrition Therapy in Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Units: An International Comparison Study. | Nutrition | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| CINAHL | 29884343 | An evaluation of race, ethnicity, age, and sex-based representation in phase I to II renal cell carcinoma clinical trials in the United States. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| CINAHL | 29895587 | Characteristics and Treatments of Patients Enrolled in the CHAMP-HF Registry Compared With Patients Enrolled in the PARADIGM-HF Trial. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| Cochrane | 29944476 | Outcomes after culprit-only percutaneous coronary intervention for multivessel disease during ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a comparison of registry and clinical trial outcomes | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| Cochrane | 30001984 | Multiple Myeloma Patients Ineligible for Randomized Controlled Trials Have Poorer Outcomes Irrespective of Treatment | Cancer | A Priori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| CINAHL | 30094623 | Similar Sustained Virologic Response in Real-World and Clinical Trial Studies of Hepatitis C/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection. | HIV/AIDS | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| CINAHL | 30189998 | Generalizing Intensive Blood Pressure Treatment to Adults With Diabetes Mellitus. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| PubMed | 30221183 | African American Screening and Enrollment in (Clot Lysis: Evaluating Accelerated Resolution of Intraventricular Hemorrhage III) CLEAR III. | Neuronal diseases | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PsycINFO | 30373488 | Representativeness of patients enrolled in a primary care clinical trial for heavy/problem substance use | Drug or alcohol abuse | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| Cochrane | 30415786 | Implementing statistical methods for generalizing randomized trial findings to a target population | Drug or alcohol abuse | A Posteriori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| PubMed | 30466715 | Applicability of trials in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of trial populations showing adequate proportion of women, but underrepresentation of elderly people. | Musculoskeletal disease | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 30477321 | A data-zone scoring system to assess the generalizability of clinical trial results to individual patients. | Not specified | A Posteriori | Score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 30555215 | Generalizing Evidence from Randomized Trials using Inverse Probability of Sampling Weights. | HIV/AIDS | A Posteriori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| PubMed | 30685675 | Generalizability of the FOURIER trial to routine clinical care: Do trial participants represent patients in everyday practice? | Cardiovascular diseases | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| CINAHL | 30252687 | Diagnostic Assessment of Assumptions for External Validity: An Example Using Data in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| CINAHL | 30312378 | Comparison of Methods to Generalize Randomized Clinical Trial Results Without Individual-Level Data for the Target Population. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 30420256 | Cytoreductive Nephrectomy: Assessing the Generalizability of the CARMENA Trial to Real-world National Cancer Data Base Cases. | Cancer | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 30673974 | Generalizability of SPRINT-CKD cohort to CKD patients referred to renal clinics. | Kidney disease | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 30714309 | Generalizability of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist cardiovascular outcome trials to the overall type 2 diabetes population in the United States. | Cardiovascular diseases | Both | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| Cochrane | 30746585 | Characteristics and Cardiovascular Disease Event Rates among African Americans and Whites Who Meet the Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk (FOURIER) Trial Inclusion Criteria | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 30819552 | Generalizability of the REDUCE-IT Trial in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease. | Cardiovascular diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Comparing populations in clinical studies |
| PubMed | 30822358 | A Standardisation Approach to Compare Treatment Safety and Effectiveness Outcomes between Clinical Trials and Real World Populations in Psoriasis. | Skin diseases | A Posteriori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
| CINAHL | 30846172 | Effect of prior cancer on trial eligibility and treatment outcomes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Implications for clinical trial accrual. | Cancer | A Priori | Non-score | Propensity score weighting/matching |
